What Is Jewish Church Called

House of worship in Judaism or Samaritanism

A synagogue,^[a] sometimes referred to as shul, ^[b] and interchangeably used with the word temple,^[c] is a Jewish house of worship. Synagogues have a place for prayer (the primary sanctuary and sometimes smaller chapels), where Jews nourish religious Services or special ceremonies (including Weddings, Bar Mitzvahs or Bat Mitzvahs, Confirmations, choir performances, or even children'due south plays), have rooms for study, social hall(south), administrative and charitable offices, classrooms for religious school and Hebrew schoolhouse, sometimes Jewish preschools, and oftentimes accept many places to sit and besiege; display commemorative, historic, or modern artwork throughout; and sometimes have items of some Jewish historical significance or history about the Synagogue itself, on brandish.

Synagogues are consecrated spaces used for the purpose of Jewish prayer, study, assembly, and reading of the Torah (read in its entirety once a year in weekly Torah portions during religious Services). Still, a Synagogue is not always necessary for Jewish worship, due to adaptations during times of Jewish persecution in countries and regions that banned Judaism, frequently destroying and/or reappropriating Synagogues into Churches or even authorities buildings. Halakha (Jewish "constabulary," or Mitzvot, from the Mishnah -- the "Oral Torah") state that communal Jewish worship can exist carried out wherever a minyan (a group of at least 10 Jewish adults) is assembled. Worship tin besides happen alone or with fewer than x people, just there are certain prayers that are considered by halakha as solely communal, and these can therefore be recited only by a minyan, depending on sect of Judaism. In terms of its specific ritual and liturgical functions, the Synagogue does not replace the symbol of the long-destroyed Temple in Jerusalem (1st or 2nd Temple).

Terminology [edit]

Israelis utilize the Hebrew term beyt knesset "firm of assembly". Ultra-Orthodox Hasidic Jews take traditionally used the Western Yiddish (German-Yiddish) term shul (cognate with the German Schule , 'schoolhouse') in everyday speech. Sephardi Jews and Romaniote Jews mostly employ the term kal (from the Hebrew ḳahal, pregnant "community"). Spanish Jews call the synagogue an esnoga and Portuguese Jews phone call it a sinagoga . Farsi Jews and some Karaite Jews also use the term kenesa, which is derived from Aramaic, and some Mizrahi Jews use kenis or qnis. Most Reform and Conservative Jews use the give-and-take temple interchangeably with Synagogue. The Greek word synagogue is used in English language to cover the preceding possibilities.^[two]

Origins [edit]

Although synagogues existed a long time before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, communal worship in the time while the Temple however stood focussed mostly on korbanot brought by the Kohanim (Aaronic priesthood line of Rabbinical succession) in the Temple in Jerusalem. The all-twenty-four hours Yom Kippur service, was an event in which the congregation both observed the movements of the kohen gadol ("high priest") as he presided over the day'due south traditions and processions, and administered prayers for success.

According to Jewish tradition, the men of the Groovy Assembly (effectually 5th century BCE) formalized and standardized the language of the Jewish prayers.^[3] Prior to that people prayed as they saw fit, with each individual praying in his or her own way, and there were no standard prayers that were recited.^{[ citation needed ]}

Johanan ben Zakai, ane of the leaders at the end of the 2d Temple era, promulgated the thought of creating individual houses of worship in any locale Jews found themselves. This contributed to the continuity of the Jewish people by maintaining a unique identity and a portable style of worship despite the devastation of the Temple, according to many historians.^{[ citation needed ]}

Synagogues in the sense of purpose-built spaces for worship, or rooms originally constructed for some other purpose but reserved for formal, communal prayer, however, existed long before the devastation of the Second Temple.^{[4] [ unreliable source? ]} The earliest archaeological prove for the existence of very early synagogues comes from Arab republic of egypt, where stone synagogue dedication inscriptions dating from the 3rd century BCE evidence that synagogues existed by that date.^{[five] [ unreliable source? ]} More than a dozen Jewish (and maybe Samaritan) 2nd Temple era synagogues have been identified by archaeologists in Israel, and in other countries belonging to the Hellenistic earth.^[4]

Any Jew or grouping of Jews can build a synagogue. Synagogues have been constructed by ancient Jewish "kings" (the English word "rex" has a unlike context lost in English translation; more appropriately translating to "leader"), past wealthy patrons, equally part of a wide range of human institutions including secular educational institutions, governments, and hotels, by the entire Jewish community of living in a item village or region, or by sub-groups of Jewish people arrayed according to occupation, ethnicity (i.due east. the Sephardi, Yemeni, Smooth or Persian Jews of a town), mode of religious observance (i.e., Reform, Orthodox synagogue), or by the followers of a particular Rabbi (only in very small congregations or ultra-orthodox Hasidism).

It has been theorized that the synagogue became a place of worship in the region upon the destruction of the Second Temple during the Beginning Jewish–Roman War; nonetheless, others speculate that there had been places of prayer, apart from the Temple, during the Hellenistic menses. The popularization of prayer over sacrifice during the years prior to the devastation of the 2nd Temple in 70 CE^[vi] had prepared the Jews for life in the diaspora, where prayer would serve equally the focus of Jewish worship.^[7]

Despite the possibility^{[ dubious – discuss ]} of synagogue-similar spaces prior to the Get-go Jewish–Roman State of war, the synagogue emerged every bit a stronghold for Jewish worship upon the destruction of the Temple. For Jews living in the wake of the Defection, the synagogue functioned equally a "portable system of worship". Within the synagogue, Jews worshiped by way of prayer rather than sacrifices, which had previously served every bit the master class of worship within the 2d Temple.^[8]

2nd Temple [edit]

In 1995, Howard Clark Kee argued that synagogues were not a adult feature of Jewish life prior to the Roman-Jewish State of war of 70 CE.^[9] Kee interpreted his findings as evidence that the mentions of synagogues in the New Testament, including Jesus's visitations of synagogues in various Jewish settlements in State of israel, were anachronistic. Notwithstanding, by 2018, Mordechai Aviam reported that there were at present at least nine synagogues excavated known to pre-date the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple in Advertizement 70, including in Magdala, Gamla, Masada, Herodium, Modi'in (Kh. Umm el-'Umdan), Qiryat Sepher (Kh. Bad 'Issa), and Kh. Diab. Aviam ended that he thought almost every Jewish settlement at the time, whether it was a polis or a village, had a synagogue.^[10]

• Gamla - a synagogue was discovered near the city gate at Gamla, a site in the Golan northeast of the Body of water of Galilee.^[11] This city was destroyed by the Roman regular army in 67 CE and was never rebuilt.
• Masada - a synagogue was discovered on the western side of Masada, merely south of the palace complex at the northern terminate of the site. One of the unique finds at this synagogue was a group of 14 scrolls, which included biblical, sectarian, and apocryphal documents.^[12]
• Herodium - a synagogue from the 1st century was discovered in Herod's palace fortress at Herodium.^[xiii]
• Magdala - also known as the Migdal Synagogue, this synagogue was discovered in 2009. One of the unique features of this synagogue, which is located on the western shore of the Ocean of Galilee, is an intricately carved rock cake that was institute in the center of the principal room.^[fourteen]
• Modi'in - Discovered betwixt Modi'in and Latrun is the oldest synagogue within modern Israel that has been found to appointment, built during the second century BCE. It includes iii rooms and a nearby mikve.^[15]

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  Showtime century synagogue at Gamla

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  First century synagogue at Masada

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  First century synagogue at Magdala

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  First century synagogue at Herodium

Middle Ages [edit]

Rabbi and philosopher, Maimonides (1138–1204), described the various customs in his 24-hour interval with respect to local synagogues:

Synagogues and houses of study must be treated with respect. They are swept and sprinkled [with h2o] to lay the dust. In Spain and the Maghreb, in Babylonia and in the Holy Land, information technology is customary to kindle lamps in the synagogues and to spread mats on the floor upon which the worshippers sit. In the lands of Edom (Christendom), they sit down in synagogues upon chairs [or benches].^[sixteen]

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Samaritan synagogues [edit]

Interior of the Samaritan synagogue in Nablus circa 1920

Name and history [edit]

The Samaritan business firm of worship is also chosen a synagogue.^[17] During the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE, during the Hellenistic period, the Greek word used in the Diaspora past Samaritans and Jews was the same: proseucheμ (literally, a identify of prayer); a later, third or fourth century CE inscription, uses a similar Greek term: eukteμrion (prayer house).^[17] The oldest Samaritan synagogue discovered and so far is from Delos in the Aegean Islands, with an inscription dated between 250 and 175 BCE, while almost Samaritan synagogues excavated in the wider Land of Israel and ancient Samaria in particular, were built during the 4th-7th centuries, at the very end of the Roman and throughout the Byzantine period.^[17]

Distinguishing elements [edit]

The elements which distinguish Samaritan synagogues from contemporary Jewish ones are:

• Alphabet: the utilize of the Samaritan script^[17]
• Orthography. When the Samaritan script is used, in that location are some Hebrew words which would be spelled in a style typical only for the Samaritan Pentateuch, for example "forever" is written 'lmw instead of fifty'lm.^[17] When Greek is the language used in inscriptions, typically, Samaritans may contract two Hebrew words into one, such har (mountain) and Gerizim becoming, in Greek, Argarizein.^[17]
• Orientation: the façade, or entrance of the Samaritan synagogue, is typically facing towards Mount Gerizim, which is the about holy site to Samaritans, while Jewish synagogues would exist oriented towards Jerusalem and the Temple Mount.^[17]
• Decoration: the mosaic floor and other architectural elements or artifacts are sometimes decorated with typical symbols.^[17] As the Samaritans have historically adhered more strictly to the commandment forbidding the cosmos of any "graven paradigm", they would not use any depictions of human or beast.^[17] Representations of the signs of the zodiac, of human figures or even Greek deities such as the god Helios, every bit seen in Byzantine-period Jewish synagogues, would be unimaginable in Samaritan buildings of whatever period.^[17]

A representation of Mount Gerizim is a clear indication of Samaritan identity.^[17] On the other paw, although the beingness of a Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim is both mentioned by Josephus and confirmed by archaeological excavation at its summit, the temple's early devastation in the 2nd century BCE led to its memory disappearing from Samaritan tradition, and then that no temple-related items would be found in Samaritan synagogue depictions.^[17] Religious implements, such as are as well known from ancient Jewish synagogue mosaics (menorah, shofar, shewbread table, trumpets, incense shovels, and specifically the façade of what looks like a temple or a Torah shrine) are as well present in Samaritan ones, merely the objects are always related to the desert Tabernacle, the Ark of the Covenant within the Tabernacle, or the Torah shrine in the synagogue itself.^[17] Samaritans believe that at the end of fourth dimension the Tabernacle and its utensils volition be recovered from the place they were cached on Mountain Gerizim and as such play an important role in Samaritan behavior.^[17] Since the same artists, such as mosaicists, worked for all ethno-religious communities of the time, some depictions might be identical in Samaritan and Jewish synagogues, Christian churches and pagan temples, but their significance would differ.^[17]

Missing from Samaritan synagogue floors would be images often found in Jewish ones: the lulav (palm-branch) and etrog (lemon-similar fruit) take a different ritual employ past Samaritans celebrating Sukkot, and do not appear on mosaic floors.^[17]

• Ritual baths near the synagogue after 70 CE: Jews abased the habit of edifice mikva'ot next to their houses of worship afterwards the 70 CE destruction of the Jerusalem Temple, but Samaritans continued with the practice.^[17]

Archaeological finds [edit]

Ancient Samaritan synagogues are mentioned by literary sources or take been found by archaeologists in the Diaspora, in the wider Holy Land, and specifically in Samaria.^[17]

Diaspora [edit]

• Delos Synagogue: a Samaritan inscription has been dated to between 250 and 175 BCE.^[17]
• Rome and Tarsus: ancient literature offers hints that Samaritan synagogues may have existed in these cities between the fourth and sixth centuries CE.^[17]
• Thessaloniki and Syracuse: short inscriptions found there and using the Samaritan and Greek alphabet may originate from Samaritan synagogues.^[17]

The wider Holy Land [edit]

• Sha'alvim synagogue, discovered in Judea, northwest of Jerusalem. Probably built in the 4th or fifth century CE and destroyed in the 5th or 6th.^[17]
• Tell Qasile synagogue, built at the starting time of the 7th century CE^[17]
• Beth Shean, "Synagogue A". A room added to an existing building in the late sixth or early 7th century CE served as a Samaritan synagogue.^[17]

Samaria [edit]

• El-Khirbe synagogue, discovered c. iii km from Sebaste, was built in the 4th century CE and remained in apply into the Early Islamic period, with a pause during the late 5th–early 6th century^[17]
• Khirbet Samara synagogue, c. 20 km northwest of Nablus and built in the 4th century CE^[17]
• Zur Natan synagogue, c. 29 km west of Nablus and congenital in the 5th century CE^[17]

Christianity [edit]

In the New Testament, the discussion appears 56 times, mostly in the Synoptic Gospels, merely as well in the Gospel of John (John 9:22; 18:20) and the Book of Revelation (Rev. 2:9; 3:9). Information technology is used in the sense of 'assembly' in the Epistle of James (James ii:2). Alternatively, the epistle of James (in Greek, clearly Ἰάκωβος or יעקב, anglicized to Jacob) refers to a place of assembly that was indeed Jewish, with Jacob ben Joseph perhaps an elderberry in that location. The specific give-and-take in James (Jacob) ii:2 could hands be rendered "synagogue," from the Greek συναγωγὴν.

During the offset Christian centuries, Jewish Christian are hypothesized to have used houses of worship known in bookish literature as synagogue-churches. Scholars take claimed to have identified such houses of worship of the Jews who had accepted Jesus as the Messiah in Jerusalem^[eighteen] and Nazareth.^{[19] [20]}

Architectural pattern [edit]

At that place is no set design for synagogues and the architectural shapes and interior designs of synagogues vary greatly. In fact, the influence from other local religious buildings can often exist seen in synagogue arches, domes and towers.

Historically, synagogues were built in the prevailing architectural style of their time and place. Thus, the synagogue in Kaifeng, China looked very like Chinese temples of that region and era, with its outer wall and open up garden in which several buildings were bundled. The styles of the primeval synagogues resembled the temples of other cults of the Eastern Roman Empire. The surviving synagogues of medieval Spain are embellished with mudéjar plasterwork. The surviving medieval synagogues in Budapest and Prague are typical Gothic structures.

With the emancipation of Jews in Western European countries, which not just enabled Jews to enter fields of enterprise from which they were formerly barred, but gave them the correct to build synagogues without needing special permissions, synagogue architecture blossomed. Big Jewish communities wished to evidence not only their wealth just also their newly acquired condition every bit citizens by constructing magnificent synagogues. These were built across Western Europe and in the United States in all of the historicist or revival styles then in fashion. Thus in that location were Neoclassical, Neo-Byzantine, Romanesque Revival, Moorish Revival, Gothic Revival, and Greek Revival. In that location are Egyptian Revival synagogues and even ane Mayan Revival synagogue. In the 19th century and early 20th century heyday of historicist architecture, however, most historicist synagogues, even the well-nigh magnificent ones, did not attempt a pure style, or even whatever particular manner, and are best described equally eclectic.

In the mail service-war era, synagogue architecture abandoned historicist styles for modernism.

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Interior elements [edit]

Bimah (platform) [edit]

All synagogues comprise a Bimah, a large, raised, reader's platform (called teḇah (reading dais) by Sephardim), where the Torah curl is placed to be read. In Sephardi synagogues it is as well used every bit the prayer leader'south reading desk.^[21] This is also so in the Ashkenazi United Synagogue in England, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, who adopted some of the Sephardi community.

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Table or lectern [edit]

In Ashkenazi synagogues, the Torah was read on a reader'southward table located in the middle of the room, while the leader of the prayer service, the hazzan, stood at his ain lectern or table, facing the Ark. In Sephardic synagogues, the table for reading the Torah (reading dais) was usually placed at the contrary side of the room from the Torah Ark, leaving the eye of the floor empty for the use of a ceremonial procession carrying the Torah between the Ark and the reading table.^[22] Nearly contemporary synagogues feature a lectern for the rabbi.^[23]

Torah Ark [edit]

The Torah Ark, called in Hebrew ארון קודש‎ Aron Kodesh or 'holy chest', and alternatively chosen the heikhal—היכל‎ or 'temple' past Sephardic Jews, is a cabinet in which the Torah scrolls are kept.

The ark in a synagogue is almost always positioned in such a way such that those who face it are facing towards Jerusalem. Thus, sanctuary seating plans in the Western earth mostly face east, while those east of Israel face west. Sanctuaries in Israel face towards Jerusalem. Occasionally synagogues face up other directions for structural reasons; in such cases, some individuals might plough to face Jerusalem when standing for prayers, just the congregation equally a whole does not.

The Ark is reminiscent of the Ark of the Covenant, which held the tablets inscribed with the X Commandments. This is the holiest spot in a synagogue, equivalent to the Holy of Holies. The Ark is often closed with an ornate mantle, the parochet פרוכת‎, which hangs outside or inside the ark doors.

Eternal Light [edit]

Other traditional features include a continually lit lamp or lantern, usually electric in gimmicky synagogues, called the ner tamid (נר תמיד‎), the "Eternal Light", used as a way to laurels the Divine Presence.^[24]

Inner ornamentation [edit]

Sarajevo Synagogue, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (1902)

A synagogue may be decorated with artwork, merely in the Rabbinic and Orthodox tradition, three-dimensional sculptures and depictions of the human trunk are non immune every bit these are considered akin to idolatry.^[25]

Seating [edit]

Originally, synagogues were made devoid of much furniture, the Jewish congregants in Spain, the Maghreb (North Africa), Babylonia, the Land of State of israel and Republic of yemen having a custom to sit upon the floor, which had been strewn with mats and cushions, rather than upon chairs or benches. In other European towns and cities, yet, Jewish congregants would sit upon chairs and benches.^[26] Today, the custom has spread in all places to sit upon chairs and benches.^{[ citation needed ]}

Until the 19th century, in an Ashkenazi synagogue, all seats most often faced the Torah Ark. In a Sephardic synagogue, seats were usually arranged around the perimeter of the sanctuary, but when the worshipers stood upward to pray, everyone faced the Ark.^{[ citation needed ]}

Special seats [edit]

Many current synagogues accept an elaborate chair named for the prophet Elijah, which is simply sabbatum upon during the anniversary of Brit milah.^[27]

In ancient synagogues, a special chair placed on the wall facing Jerusalem and next to the Torah Shrine was reserved for the prominent members of the congregation and for important guests.^[28] Such a stone-carved and inscribed seat was discovered at archaeological excavations in the synagogue at Chorazin in Galilee and dates from the 4th–sixth century;^[29] another 1 was discovered at the Delos Synagogue, complete with a footstool.

Rules for attendees [edit]

Removing i'due south shoes [edit]

In Yemen, the Jewish custom was to remove i'due south shoes immediately prior to entering the synagogue, a custom that had been observed by Jews in other places in earlier times.^[30] The same practice of removing one'due south shoes earlier entering the synagogue was also largely observed amidst Jews in Morocco in the early 20th-century. On the isle of Djerba in Tunisia, Jews still remove their shoes when entering a synagogue. The custom of removing one's shoes is no longer practiced in Israel, the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, or the Usa.^{[ citation needed ]} However, in Karaite Judaism, the custom of removing one's shoes prior to entering a synagogue is yet observed worldwide.^[31]

Gender separation [edit]

In Orthodox synagogues, men and women do not sit together. The synagogue features a segmentation ( mechitza ) dividing the men'southward and women's seating areas, or a dissever women's section located on a balcony.^[32]

Denominational differences [edit]

Reform Judaism [edit]

The German language–Jewish Reform movement, which arose in the early 19th century, made many changes to the traditional expect of the synagogue, keeping with its desire to simultaneously stay Jewish yet exist accepted by the surrounding culture.

The first Reform synagogue, which opened in Hamburg in 1811, introduced changes that made the synagogue look more than like a church building. These included: the installation of an organ to back-trail the prayers (even on Shabbat, when musical instruments are proscribed by halakha), a choir to accompany the hazzan, and vestments for the synagogue rabbi to wear.^[33]

In following decades, the central reader's tabular array, the Bimah, was moved to the front of the Reform sanctuary—previously unheard-of in Orthodox synagogues.^[34]

Gender separation was also removed.^{[ citation needed ]}

[edit]

Synagogues ofttimes have on a broader role in modern Jewish communities and may include additional facilities such as a catering hall, kosher kitchen, religious school, library, day care center and a smaller chapel for daily services.

Synagogue offshoots [edit]

Since many Orthodox and some non-Orthodox Jews adopt to collect a minyan (a quorum of ten) rather than pray lonely, they ordinarily assemble at pre-arranged times in offices, living rooms, or other spaces when these are more than convenient than formal synagogue buildings. A room or edifice that is used this way tin can get a dedicated small-scale synagogue or prayer room. Among Ashkenazi Jews they are traditionally called shtiebel ( שטיבל , pl. shtiebelekh or shtiebels , Yiddish for "little firm"), and are establish in Orthodox communities worldwide.

Another blazon of communal prayer group, favored by some contemporary Jews, is the chavurah ( חבורה , pl. chavurot, חבורות ), or prayer fellowship. These groups meet at a regular place and fourth dimension, either in a private home or in a synagogue or other institutional infinite. In antiquity, the Pharisees lived near each other in chavurot and dined together to ensure that none of the nutrient was unfit for consumption.^[35]

List of "groovy synagogues" [edit]

Some synagogues bear the championship "dandy synagogue".^{[ dubious – discuss ]}

State of israel [edit]

• The Belz Keen Synagogue, Jerusalem
• The Smashing Synagogue of Jerusalem

Europe [edit]

Russia, Ukraine and Republic of belarus [edit]

• The Moscow Choral Synagogue
• The G Choral Synagogue of St. petersburg
• The Kharkiv Choral Synagogue
• The Great Choral Synagogue (Kyiv), Ukraine

Poland [edit]

• The Groovy Synagogues of Warsaw and Łódź, destroyed past Nazis during Earth War 2.
• The Great Synagogue of Włodawa

Czech republic [edit]

• The Great Synagogue of Plzeň

Republic of hungary [edit]

• The Dohány Street Synagogue in Budapest, Hungary
• The Synagogue of Szeged^[36]

Austria [edit]

• The Leopoldstädter Tempel of Vienna, destroyed during the "Kristallnacht" pogrom. Served as model for many other important synagogues.

Germany [edit]

• The New Synagogue of Berlin

Netherlands [edit]

• The Portuguese Synagogue of Amsterdam

Scandinavia [edit]

• The Great Synagogue of Stockholm

French republic and Belgium [edit]

• The Grand Synagogue of Paris
• The Neat Synagogue of Brussels (also known as the Great Synagogue of Europe)

Italy [edit]

• The Great Synagogue of Florence
• The Great Synagogue of Rome
• The Synagogue of Trieste

Romania [edit]

• The Cetate Synagogue of Timișoara,
• The Fabric Synagogue of Timișoara, Romania
• The Choral Temple of Bucharest

Serbia [edit]

• The Synagogue of Novi Sad
• The Synagogue of Subotica

Republic of bosnia and herzegovina [edit]

• The Synagogue of Sarajevo
• The Synagogue of Doboj

Republic of bulgaria [edit]

• The Synagogue of Sofia

Turkey (European part) [edit]

• The Grand Synagogue of Edirne

United Kingdom [edit]

• The Swell Synagogue of London, destroyed past aerial bombing in the London Rush in 1941

Tunisia [edit]

• The Great Synagogue of Tunis
• The El Ghriba synagogue of Djerba

Australia [edit]

• The Great Synagogue of Sydney

World'southward largest synagogues [edit]

State of israel [edit]

• The largest synagogue in the globe is the Great Beth Midrash Gur, in Jerusalem, State of israel, whose main sanctuary seats up to 20,000, and has an area of approximately 7,500 thousand² (81,000 sq ft), while the entire complex has an area of approximately 35,000 kⁱⁱ (380,000 sq ft). Construction on the building took more than than 25 years.^[37]
• Kehilat Kol HaNeshama, a Reform synagogue located in Baka, Jerusalem, is the largest Reform (and largest non-Orthodox) Jewish synagogue in State of israel.^[38]

Europe [edit]

• The Dohány Street Synagogue in Budapest, Hungary, is the largest synagogue in Europe past square footage and number of seats. Information technology seats 3,000, and has an expanse of i,200 one thousand² (13,000 sq ft) and height of 26 m (85 ft) (autonomously from the towers, which are 43 1000 or 141 ft).^[39]
• The Synagogue of Trieste is the largest synagogue in Western Europe.
• The Slap-up Synagogue of Rome is one of the greatest in Europe.
• The Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam, also called "Esnoga", was built in 1675. At that fourth dimension it was the largest synagogue in the world. Apart from the buildings surrounding the synagogue, it has an area of 1,008 m^two (10,850 sq ft), is 19.5 meters (64 ft) high. It was built to adjust 1227 men and 440 women.^[40]
• Szeged Synagogue is located in Szeged, Republic of hungary, seats 1,340 and has height of 48.5 k (159 ft).
• The Sofia Synagogue is located in Sofia, Bulgaria, seating about 1,200.
• The Subotica Synagogue is located in Subotica, Serbia, seating more than 900.
• Great Synagogue (Plzeň) in the Czech Republic is the 2d-largest synagogue in Europe, and the third-largest in the world.

North America [edit]

• Baron Hirsch Synagogue, an Orthodox synagogue in Memphis, Tennessee, was the largest in the United states of america at the time of its dedication in 1957, seating 2,200 worshippers with an additional accommodation for 1,000 in its primary sanctuary.^[41] The synagogue moved in 1988, but the building remains in utilise equally a church.
• The Satmar synagogue in Kiryas Joel, New York, which is said to seat "several thousand", is also very big.^[42]
• Congregation Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Rodney Street, Brooklyn) is as well said to seat "several thousand".
• Temple Emanu-El of New York, a Reform Temple, is located in New York City, with an expanse of 3,523 g^two (37,920 sq ft), seating 2,500. Information technology is the largest Reform synagogue in the world.
• Congregation Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Hooper Street, Brooklyn) seats between two,000 and 4,000 congregants.
• The main sanctuary of Adas Israel Congregation (Washington, D.C.) seats 1,500.
• Temple Emanu-El (Miami Beach, Florida) located in Miami Beach, Florida, seats approximately 1,400 people.
• Congregation Shaare Zion, an Orthodox Sephardic synagogue located in Brooklyn, New York, is the largest Syrian Jewish congregation in New York Metropolis. Information technology is attended by over 1,000 worshipers on weekends.
• Beth Tzedec Congregation in Toronto, Ontario, is the largest Bourgeois synagogue in Northward America.
• Temple State of israel, a Reform synagogue in Memphis, Tennessee seats 1,335 to 1,500 people in its master sanctuary. The massive synagogue circuitous contains over 125,000 sq ft (xi,613 chiliadⁱⁱ) on 30 acres.

Globe'south oldest synagogues [edit]

• The oldest synagogue fragments are stone-carved synagogue dedication inscriptions found in Middle and Lower Egypt and dating from the 3rd century BCE.^[five]
• The oldest Samaritan synagogue, the Delos Synagogue, dates from between 150 and 128 BCE, or earlier and is located on the island of Delos.^{[43] [ unreliable source? ]}
• The synagogue of Dura Europos, a Seleucid city in north eastern Syria, dates from the third century CE. Information technology is unique. The walls were painted with figural scenes from the Sometime Testament. The paintings included Abraham and Isaac, Moses and Aaron, Solomon, Samuel and Jacob, Elijah and Ezekiel. The synagogue bedroom, with its surviving paintings, is reconstructed in the National Museum in Damascus.
• The Old Synagogue in Erfurt, Germany, parts of which date to c.1100, is the oldest intact synagogue edifice in Europe. It is now used every bit a museum of local Jewish history.
• The Kochangadi Synagogue (1344 A.D. to 1789 A.D.) in Kochi in the Kerala, built past the Malabar Jews. Information technology was destroyed by Tipu Sultan in 1789 A.D. and was never rebuilt. An inscription tablet from this synagogue is the oldest relic from whatsoever synagogue in Bharat. 8 other synagogues exist in Kerala though not in active apply anymore.

• The Paradesi Synagogue is the oldest active synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations, located in Kochi, Kerala, in India. It was built in 1568 by Paradesi community in the Kingdom of Cochin. Paradesi is a word used in several Indian languages, and the literal meaning of the term is "foreigners", applied to the synagogue considering it was historically used by "White Jews", a mixture of Jews of the Middle East, and European exiles. It is also referred to equally the Cochin Jewish Synagogue or the Mattancherry Synagogue. The synagogue is located in the quarter of Onetime Cochin known as Jew Town and is the only one of the eight synagogues in the surface area still in utilise.
• Jew's Court, Steep Hill, Lincoln, England, is arguably the oldest synagogue in Europe in electric current use.

Oldest synagogues in the U.s.a. [edit]

• Congregation Shearith Israel, in New York City, founded in 1654, is the oldest congregation in the United States. Its present building dates from 1897.
• The Touro Synagogue in Newport, Rhode Island, is the oldest Jewish house of worship in North America that is still standing. It was built in 1759 for the Jeshuat Israel congregation, which was established in 1658.

Other famous synagogues [edit]

• The Worms Synagogue in Germany, congenital in 1175 and razed on Kristallnacht in 1938, was painstakingly reconstructed using many of the original stones. It is even so in use equally a synagogue.
• The Synagogue of El Transito of Toledo, Spain, was congenital in 1356 by Samuel ha-Levi, treasurer of Rex Pedro I of Castile. This is one of the best examples of Mudéjar architecture in Kingdom of spain. The design of the synagogue recalls the Nasrid style of architecture that was employed during the same menstruum in the decorations of the palace of the Alhambra in Granada as well as the Mosque of Córdoba. Since 1964, this site has hosted a Sephardi museum.
• The Hurva Synagogue, located in the Jewish Quarter of the Quondam City of Jerusalem, was Jerusalem'southward master Ashkenazi synagogue from the 16th century until 1948, when it was destroyed past the Arab Legion several days after the conquest of the city. Afterwards the Six-Solar day War, an curvation was congenital to mark the spot where the synagogue stood. A consummate reconstruction, to plans drawn up by architect Nahum Meltzer, opened in March 2010.
• The Abdallah Ibn Salam Mosque or Oran, Algeria, congenital in 1880, only converted into a mosque in 1975 when most Algerian Jews had left the country for France following independence.
• The Nidhe State of israel Synagogue ("Bridgetown Synagogue") of Barbados, located in the capital city of Bridgetown, was first built in 1654. It was destroyed in the hurricane of 1831 and reconstructed in 1833.^[44]
• The Curaçao synagogue or Snoa in Willemstad, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles was built by Sephardic Portuguese Jews from Amsterdam and Recife, Brazil. It is modeled afterward the Esnoga in Amsterdam. Congregation Mikvé Israel built this synagogue in 1692; information technology was reconstructed in 1732.
• The Bialystoker Synagogue on New York's Lower East Side, is located in a landmark edifice dating from 1826 that was originally a Methodist Episcopal Church. The edifice is made of quarry stone mined locally on Pitt Street, Manhattan. It is an instance of federal architecture. The ceilings and walls are hand-painted with zodiac frescos, and the sanctuary is illuminated by forty-foot (12.19 m) stained glass windows. The bimah and floor-to-ceiling ark are handcarved.
• The Great Synagogue of Florence, Tempio Maggiore, Florence, 1874–82, is an example of the magnificent, cathedral-like synagogues congenital in almost every major European metropolis in the 19th century and early 20th century.
• Boston's 1920 Vilna Shul is a rare surviving intact Immigrant Era synagogue.^[45]
• The Congregation Or Hatzafon "Light of the Northward", Fairbanks, Alaska, is the world's northernmost synagogue edifice.^[46]
• The Görlitz Synagogue in Görlitz, Frg was congenital in Jugendstil style betwixt 1909 and 1911. Damaged, merely not destroyed, during the Kristallnacht riots, the synagogue was bought by the City Quango in 1963. After extensive renovations concluding in belatedly 2020, the main sanctuary (Kuppelsaal with 310 seats) will be reopened for general civilisation, and the small-scale synagogue (Wochentags-Synagoge, with space for effectually 45 visitors)

Gallery [edit]

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  The Cracking Synagogue of Tunis, Tunisia

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  The Great Synagogue of Basel in Basel, Switzerland

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  The Synagogue in the Gerard Doustraat in Amsterdam, Netherlands

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  The Bobowa Synagogue in Bobowa, Poland

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  The Hurva Synagogue towered over the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem from 1864 until 1948, when information technology was destroyed in war

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  The remains of the Hurva Synagogue as they appeared from 1977 to 2003. The synagogue has been rebuilt in 2010.

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  The interior of a Karaite synagogue

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Meet also [edit]

• Great Synagogue (disambiguation)
• List of synagogues
• List of synagogues in the U.s.a.
• Mandi (Mandaeism)
• Place of worship
• Prayer volume
• Rabbi
• Siddur
• Zionist churches
• Synagogue Church
• Temple

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Pronounced SIN-ə-gog. From Ancient Greek συναγωγή, synagogē , 'assembly'; Hebrew: בית כנסת beit knesset , 'house of associates', or בית תפילה‎ beit tfila , "house of prayer"; Yiddish: שול shul, Ladino: אשנוגה or אסנוגה esnoga (from synagogue); or קהל kahal , "community".
2. ^ Pronounced SHOOL .
3. ^ This is a fairly modern term mostly used by the more liberal and less religious denominations of Judaism, but is still rare.^[ane]

References [edit]

1. ^ "Synagogue | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica".
2. ^ Judaism 101: Synagogues, Shuls and Temples. Jewfaq.org.
3. ^ orah765768 (ane Feb 2016). "The Institution of Prayer by the Men of the Great Associates". Peninei Halakha. Translated by Ote, Atira. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
4. ^ ^{a b} Donald D. Binder. "Second Temple Synagogues". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2008-06-16 .
5. ^ ^{a b} Donald D. Binder. "Egypt".
6. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence (March 1991). From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism (1st ed.). Ktav Pub Inc. p. 159. ISBN0881253723.
7. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence (March 1991). From Text to Tradition: A History of 2d Temple and Rabbinic Judaism (1st ed.). Ktav Pub Inc. p. 164. ISBN0881253723.
8. ^ Schiffman, Lawrence (March 1991). From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism (1st ed.). Ktav Pub Inc. p. 164. ISBN0881253723.
9. ^ Kee, Howard Clark. "Defining the First-Century CE Synagogue: Issues and Progress." New Attestation Studies 41.4 (1995): 481-500.
10. ^ Aviʿam, Mordekhai. "First-Century Galilee New Discoveries." Early christianity 9.2 (2018): 219-226.
11. ^ Levine, Lee I. (2000). The ancient synagogue : the first g years. New Oasis: Yale University Printing. ISBN0-300-07475-1. OCLC 40408825.
12. ^ Yadin, Yigael. (1966). Masada : the momentous archaeological discovery revealing the heroic life and struggle of the jewish zealots (1st ed.). New York, NY: Random House. pp. 180–191. ISBN0-394-43542-7. OCLC 861644287.
13. ^ "Herodium (BiblePlaces.com)". BiblePlaces.com . Retrieved 2020-07-eleven .
14. ^ "Ancient synagogue found in Israel". CNN . Retrieved 2020-07-11 .
15. ^ "Modi'in: Where the Maccabees Lived". Biblical Archaeology Gild. 2019-09-22. Retrieved 2020-07-11 .
16. ^ Maimonides, Mishneh Torah (Hil. Tefillah Birkat kohanim xi:4)
17. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m north o p q r due south t u v west x y z aa} Pummer, Reinhard (thirteen January 2009). "How to Tell a Samaritan Synagogue from a Jewish Synagogue". Biblical Archaeology Review. May/June 1998 (24:03) – via Center for Online Judaic Studies, cojs.org.
18. ^ Skarsaune, Oskar (2008). In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity. IVP Academic. p. 186. ISBN9780830828449 . Retrieved one September 2018. 9780830828449
19. ^ Taylor, Joan E. (1993). [c Christians and the Holy Places: The Myth of Jewish-Christian Origins]. Clarendon Press. p. 338. ISBN9780198147855 . Retrieved i September 2018.
20. ^ Emmett, Chad Fife (1995). Across the Basilica: Christians and Muslims in Nazareth . University of Chicago Geography Research Papers (Book 237). University of Chicago Press. p. 22. ISBN978-0-226-20711-vii . Retrieved ane September 2018.
21. ^ "Encyclopedia Judaica: The Bimah". JewishVirtualLibrary.org . Retrieved 2019-10-12 .
22. ^ "The Bimah: The Synagogue Platform". world wide web.chabad.org . Retrieved 2019-05-thirty .
23. ^ "Synagogue Background & Overview". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 2019-05-30 .
24. ^ "Ner Tamid: The Eternal Calorie-free." Chabad. 28 August 2018.
25. ^ "Sculpture". world wide web.jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 2021-03-01 .
26. ^ Maimonides, Mishne Torah (Hil. Tefillah xi:four), who wrote: "Synagogues and houses of report must be treated with respect. They are swept and sprinkled to lay the dust. In Spain and in the Maghreb (North Africa), in Babylon and in the Holy State, it is customary to kindle lamps in the synagogues and to spread mats on the flooring on which the worshipers sit. In the land of Edom (i.eastward. Christian countries) they sit in synagogues upon chairs."
27. ^ Zaklikowski, David. "The Chair of Elijah and Welcoming the Baby". Chabad. Retrieved thirteen September 2018.
28. ^ The Interactive Bible, Synagogue Moses' Seat: Metaphor of Pride
29. ^ Israel Museum, Elaborate seat, Chorazin synagogue
30. ^ Joseph Kafih, Jewish Life in Sanà, Ben-Zvi Institute: Jerusalem 1982, p. 64 (note 3) ISBN 965-17-0137-4. In that location, Rabbi Kafih recalls the following story in the Jerusalem Talmud (Baba Metzi'a 2:8): "Yehudah, the son of Rebbe, entered a synagogue and left his sandals [exterior], and they were stolen. He then said, 'Had I non gone to the synagogue, my sandals would non have gone-off.'" The custom of never entering a synagogue while wearing one'southward shoes is too mentioned in the Cairo Geniza manuscripts: "While he is yet outside, permit him accept-off his shoes or sandals from his feet and so enter barefoot, since such is the fashion of servants to walk barefoot earlier their lords... We have a modest sanctuary, and nosotros are required to behave with sanctity and fearfulness [in information technology], every bit it says: And you shall fright my hallowed place." (v. Halakhot Eretz Yisrael min ha-Geniza [The Halacha of the Country of Israel from the Geniza], ed. Mordechai Margaliot, Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1973, pp. 131–132; Taylor-Schechter New Series 135, Cambridge University Library / Oxford MS. 2700).
31. ^ "The Jews who take off their shoes for shul". www.thejc.com. November 24, 2016. Retrieved 2022-01-15 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
32. ^ "Mechitzah: Separate Seating in the Synagogue". My Jewish Learning . Retrieved 2020-01-27 .
33. ^ Rabbi Ken Spiro. "Crash Course in Jewish History Office 54 - Reform Motion" Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Motorcar, Aish.com
34. ^ Yisroel Besser (2018). The Chasam Sofer. Artscroll. p. 10. ISBN978-1-4226-2232-2. a bimah must be in the middle
35. ^ Alan F. Segal, Rebecca's Children: Judaism and Christianity in the Roman World, Harvard University Printing, 1986, 125.
36. ^ 1340 seats, the synagogue is 48 meters long, 35 meters wide, and 48.6 meters high.
37. ^ Shaul Kahana (January nine, 2022). "גור קיבלו טופס ארבע - לבית הכנסת הגדול בעולם". Kikar HaShabbat (in Hebrew).
38. ^ Nathan Jeffay (January 12, 2011). "The Center of Israel's Reform Judaism". The Forward.
39. ^ Kulish, Nicholas (30 Dec 2007). "Out of Darkness, New Life". The New York Times . Retrieved 2008-03-12 .
40. ^ Snyder, S. C. (2008). Acculturation and Particularism in the Modern City: Synagogue Building and Jewish Identity in Northern Europe. Academy of Michigan. ISBN9780549818977 . Retrieved 2014-12-07 .
41. ^ "Orthodox Synagogue to Be Dedicated Nov 28–30." Memphis Commercial Appeal, October 21, 1957.
42. ^ Rabbi Yitschak Rudomin. "Rebbes, Hasidim, and Authentic Kehillahs". The 2d World War and Jewish Instruction in America: The Fall and Rise of Orthodoxy. Jewish Professionals Institute (JPI).
43. ^ Donald D. Binder. "Delos". ^{[ permanent expressionless link ]}
44. ^ "Nidhe Israel Synagogue". planetware.
45. ^ "Vilna Shul".
46. ^ "Congregation Or HaTzafon". mosquitonet.com. Archived from the original on 2014-09-xx. Retrieved 2014-12-07 .

• Levine, Lee (2005) [1999]. The Aboriginal Synagogue: The Commencement Thousand Years (2nd ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN0-300-10628-9.
• Young, Penny (2014). Dura Europos: A City for Everyman. Diss, Norfolk, UK: Twopenny Press. ISBN 9780956170347.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Synagogue.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Synagogue .

• Jewish Encyclopedia: Synagogue
• Chabad Lubavitch Center & Synagogue Finder
• Orthodox Union Synagogue Finder
• United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism Synagogue Finder
• Union for Reform Judaism Synagogue Finder
• Reconstructionist Synagogue Finder

What Is Jewish Church Called,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue

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